The protocol, written down.

Abstract

We describe 0x1, an Ethereum-mainnet protocol comprising a fixed-supply ERC-20 token, a one-way linear bonding curve, and a Uniswap-V2-style DEX. The protocol's defining property is compulsory anchoring: every pair on the DEX contains 0x1 on one side, enforced at the factory level. The result is a single coordinated economy in which liquidity does not fragment, routing collapses to at most two hops, and the asset accrues utility with every new token launched against it.

This paper formalizes the design, derives the closed-form integral for the curve's cumulative cost, and documents the protocol's fee allocations. Contracts are immutable, hold no admin keys, and have no upgradeability proxy.

1 · Design

0x1 has three primary components: BondingCurve, ECTPairFactory, and ECTRouter. The BondingCurve sells 0x1 for ETH along a linear price function. The PairFactory deploys 0x1-anchored pairs and rejects any pair that does not contain 0x1. The Router executes swaps through these pairs, with at most one intermediate hop.

1.1 The curve

The bonding curve sells exactly 900,000,000 0x1 - 90% of total supply - raising approximately ~521 ETH (1.2× LP buffer prevents launch arbitrage). The price function is linear:

// price as a function of cumulative supply sold
function price(uint256 s) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    return s / SCALE;  // SCALE = 8.1e32
}

where SCALE = MAX_SUPPLY² / (2 · TARGET_ETH). This produces a slope m = 2·TARGET_ETH / MAX_SUPPLY² with the property that the cumulative integral from 0 to MAX_SUPPLY equals exactly TARGET_ETH:

∫₀ᴹ p(s) ds = ∫₀ᴹ (s/SCALE) ds = M²/(2·SCALE) = TARGET_ETH

Closed-form cost for buying amount a tokens starting at supply s:

cost(s, a) = ((s+a)² - s²) / (2 · SCALE)

1.2 Hard stop

The contract reverts any mint whose number of tokens sold would exceed 900M. The boundary transaction is partially-filled to the exact cap, refunding any overpayment. After all tokens are sold, the curve permanently disables further mints; 0x1 becomes available only on the DEX.

1.3 No sell-back

The BondingCurve contract has no sell-back function. The deployed bytecode contains no opcode capable of accepting 0x1 in exchange for ETH. The only path from 0x1 back to ETH is the DEX pair, which is seeded by the treasury from its 50,000,000 0x1 allocation at the completion of the curve sale.

2 · DEX enforcement

The PairFactory's createPair function reverts unless one of the two token addresses equals the immutable address of 0x1. The check is the first line of the function body:

if (tokenA != ZERO_X_ONE && tokenB != ZERO_X_ONE) revert MustIncludeZeroX1();

Consequently, the entire DEX is a star graph: 0x1 sits at the center, every token has exactly one direct pair (its 0x1 pair), and any token-to-token route is exactly two hops.

2.1 Routing

The Router exposes two entry points: swapExactETHForTokens and swapExactTokensForTokens. The latter automatically routes through the 0x1 pair when called with two non-0x1 tokens. Slippage is enforced against the user-supplied amountOutMin.

3 · Fee model

Three fees apply per swap, totaling 1.80%:

• 0.30% to liquidity providers (standard V2 LP fee)
• 1.00% to the treasury
• 0.50% to the token's original creator

Launch fees are 1000 0x1 (token) and 500 0x1 (NFT collection), with 98% burned and 2% sent to the treasury. NFT mint proceeds split 99% to the creator, 1% to the treasury.

4 · Tokenomics

No mint authority exists in the bytecode. Allocations were encoded in the constructor and cannot be changed.

5 · Security

Contracts are immutable: not Ownable, no upgradeability proxy, no admin keys. Built on OpenZeppelin v5 primitives (ERC-20 permit, burnable, SafeERC20). Testing: 97/97 tests passing under Foundry, including fuzz tests for the curve math.

Two independent audits are in flight (Q2 2026). Public reports will be published regardless of findings.

This document is a technical description, not financial advice. The protocol is unaudited as of this paper's publication. Do not commit capital you cannot afford to lose.

References

• Adams et al, Uniswap V2 Core (March 2020)
• OpenZeppelin Contracts v5, ERC-20, ERC-721, Ownable2Step
• EIP-2981, NFT Royalty Standard